{"componentChunkName":"component---src-templates-section-template-js","path":"/ga/2/2","result":{"data":{"markdown":{"htmlAst":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tuairisc ghairid ar stair na hintleachta saorga: an cuardach mar thúsphointe"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"D’fhéadfaí an intleacht shaorga a rianú siar go dtí aimsir thosaithe na ríomheolaíochta féin. I bhfad sular tháinig na ríomhairí ar an bhfód, bhí daoine ann a rinne a machnamh ar an réasúnú agus an intleacht uathoibríoch. Faoi mar a luadh cheana féin i gCaibidil 1, duine a bhí ar na hintleachtóirí ba mhó a thug aghaidh ar an gceist seo ab ea Alan Turing. Tháinig Turing ar an tuiscint seo: aon rud is féidir a ríomh is féidir é a ríomh go huathoibríoch (is é sin le rá gur féidir é a ríomh le huimhreacha nó le siombail). Tá an tuiscint sin, chomh maith leis an tástáil Turing, ar na nithe a chuir seisean le dul chun cinn na hintleachta saorga agus na ríomheolaíochta trí chéile."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"note","properties":{"heading":"An intleacht shaorga ina chuidiú chun an Dara Cogadh Domhanda a bhuachan","description":"Dhear Turing gléas an-simplí atá in ann gach atá inríofa a ríomh. Meaisín Turing a thugtar ar an ngléas sin. Cé nach bhfuil ann ach samhail theoiriciúil nach bhfuil feidhm phraiticiúil leis, chur sé ar a chumas do Turing ríomhairí in-ríomhchláraithe a cheapadh: is é sin ríomhairí is féidir a úsáid chun tascanna áirithe a chur i gcrích de réir na caoi a ndéantar iad a ríomhchlárú.\n  <br><br>\n  Mar sin de, ní gá gléas difriúil a dhéanamh de réir gach taisc faoi seach ach an t-aon ríomhaire amháin a úsáid le haghaidh go leor tascanna. Sin an bunchoincheap sa ríomhchlárú. Sa lá atá inniu ann shílfeadh duine gur rud beag é an t-aireagán sin ach níor bheag in aon chor é in aimsir Turing. Le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, úsáideadh cuid de na luath-ríomhairí in-ríomhchláraithe sin chun cóid rúnda na nGearmánach a bhriseadh. Ghlac Turing féin páirt sa tionscnamh sin."},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is minic a luaitear ainm John McCarthy (1927-2011) leis an téarma Intleacht Shaorga - agus is minic freisin a thugtar athair na hintleachta saorga féin air - ach is é rud é go ndiúltaíonn seisean gurbh é féin a chum an téarma sin. Murar chum féin, is amhlaidh a glacadh an téarma mar ainm an réimse nua sin a bhí ag teacht chun cinn toisc gur ghlac McCarthy leis agus gur mhór an tionchar a bhí aige sa réimse céanna. Cuireadh bonn ceart faoin téarma in 1956 nuair a roghnaíodh é mar ábhar cainte ag seimineár samhraidh, seimineár ar a dtugtar "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"comhdháil Dartmouth"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Tharla sin i gColáiste Dartmouth in New Hampshire agus ba é McCarthy féin a d’eagraigh í. Sa mholadh a chuir McCarthy isteach agus é ag iarraidh an seimineár a eagrú, bhain sé úsáid as argóint Turing maidir leis an ríomh uathoibrithe. Tá an ráiteas tábhachtach seo a leanas sa mholadh céanna:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"note","properties":{"heading":"Príomhráiteas John McCarthy faoin intleacht shaorga","description":"“Is ar bhonn na tuairime seo a leanfar den staidéar: i gcás aon ghné den fhoghlaim nó aon ghné eile den intleacht, is féidir, i bprionsabal, cur síos chomh beacht sin a dhéanamh uirthi gur féidir le meaisín í a ionsamhlú.”"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I bhfocail eile, is féidir aon ghné den intleacht a bhriseadh síos i gcéimeanna beaga i dtreo is go mbeidh gach céim chomh simplí agus chomh “meicniúil” sin go bhféadfar an ghné sin a scríobh amach mar ríomhchlár. Ní raibh sa ráiteas úd ach tuairimíocht, agus is tuairimíocht atá ann fós, rud a chiallaíonn nach féidir linn a chruthú go bhfuil sé fíor. Mar sin féin, is ríthábhachtach ar fad é an tuairim sin chomh fada agus a bhaineann sé leis an tuiscint atá againn ar an intleacht shaorga. Mar shampla, léiríonn sé go raibh MacCarthy ag iarraidh aon argóint den chineál a luaigh Searle in argóint an tseomra Shínigh a sheachaint, is é sin le rá: is intleacht í intleacht fiú mura bhfuil sa chóras atá á cur i bhfeidhm ach ríomhaire atá ag leanúint ríomhchláir go meicniúil."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An chúis go bhfuil an cuardach agus cluichí lárnach i dtaighde ar an intleacht shaorga"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sna 1950í, tráth a bhí ríomhairí tagtha chun cinn ionas gurbh fhéidir trialacha a dhéanamh le halgartaim phraiticiúla intleachta saorga, ba iad na rudaí ba shainiúla a thug a dúshlán don intleacht shaorga (amach ó chóid na Naitsithe a bhriseadh) ná na cluichí. Is é buntáiste na gcluichí go mbíonn fearann áisiúil srianta ag baint leo inar féidir rialacha foirmeálta a leagan amach go héasca. Ba iad na cluichí cláir a thug inspioráid don iliomad taighdeoirí riamh anall, mar atá an táiplis, an fhicheall agus go háirithe Íogó sna blianta beaga a d’imigh thart (cluiche straitéise an-chasta is ea sin ar ceapadh sa tSín 2,500 bliain ó shin ar a laghad é). Tá na cluichí sin ina n-ábhar inspioráide ag na taighdeoirí atá suas inniu freisin."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Réimse ina raibh an-dul chun cinn ag an intleacht shaorga sna 1960í ab ea teicnící cuardaigh agus pleanála, ábhar atá an-ghaolmhar leis na cluichí boird: forbraíodh algartaim ar ar tugadh ainmneacha ar nós an t-algartam Íosuas nó Gortghlanadh Alfa-Béite agus is iad is bonn leis an intleacht shaorga a imríonn cluichí fós sa lá atá inniu ann. Ní call a rá, áfach, gur moladh leaganacha níos sofaisticiúla de na halgartaim sin in imeacht na mblianta. Sa chaibidil seo, díreoimid ar chluichí agus ar dhúshláin phleanála ar leibhéal coincheapúil."}]}],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"frontmatter":{"path":"/ga/2/2","title":"Fadhbanna a fhuascailt leis an intleacht shaorga","section":2,"part":2,"lang":"ga"}},"allRelatedSections":{"totalCount":3,"edges":[{"node":{"htmlAst":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"lead","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tá mórán fadhbanna ann ar féidir iad a leagan amach mar fhadhbanna cuardaigh. Chuige sin, ní mór dúinn na roghanna difriúla agus a dtitfidh amach astu a leagan amach i dtús báire."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An cuardach ó thaobh na praiticiúlachta de: ag dul ó A go B"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Cuir i gcás gur i gcathair aineoil atá tú. Tá tú in áit ar leith (óstán, abair) agus is mian leat an t iompar poiblí a úsáid chun dul go háit eile (bialann dheas, mar shampla). Cad a dhéanfaidh tú? Dála mórán daoine, tógfaidh tú amach do ghuthán cliste, cuirfidh tú isteach an áit atá uait agus siúd chun siúil thú de réir na dtreoracha."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"illustrations","properties":{"motive":"a-to-b","color":"#e9e9ed","frombottom":"0","totalheight":"95%"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is fadhb in aicme na bhfadhbanna cuardaigh agus pleanála an fhadhb sin. Is iad fadhbanna den chineál sin a bhíonn ar na gluaisteáin uathrialaitheacha a réiteach. Mar sin don intleacht shaorga a bhaineann le cluichí freisin, cé nach bhfuil sé chomh follasach céanna. I gcluiche fichille, cuir i gcás, ní hé an píosa fichille a chur ó A go B is deacra, ach do chuid píosaí a chosaint ar do chéile comhraic."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"illustrations","properties":{"motive":"search-1-GA"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is minic a bhíonn mórán bealaí chun an fhadhb a réiteach agus tá cuid de na bealaí sin níos fearr ó thaobh ama, iarrachta, costais nó critéar eile de. Is féidir go mbeidh torthaí difriúla ann de réir na dteicnící cuardaigh. Réimse taighde seanbhunaithe is ea algartaim chuardaigh ardleibhéil a fhorbairt."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"illustrations","properties":{"motive":"search-2-GA"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ní dírithe ar na halgartaim chuardaigh féin atáimid anseo, ach ar an gcéad chéim den phróiseas réitigh fadhbanna: na roghanna a leagan amach go sonrach mar aon leis na hiarmhairtí a bhainfeadh leo. Ní beag an dua a bhaineann leis sin go minic agus bheadh ort tabhairt faoi go han-chúramach. Rud eile, ní mór an sprioc a leagan amach go sonrach, nó i bhfocail eile, cén uair is féidir a mheas go bhfuil an fhadhb réitithe againn? Agus an méid sin déanta againn, is féidir linn seicheamh gníomhartha a cheapadh a thabharfaidh ón staid tosaigh sinn go dtí an sprioc."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sa chaibidil seo, déanfaimid dhá chineál faidhbe a phlé:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"ul","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Cuardach agus pleanáil i dtimpeallachtaí nach dtagann aon athrú orthu agus nach bhfuil ach “gníomhaí” amháin iontu"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"li","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Cluichí ina mbíonn beirt imreoirí (gníomhaithe) ag imirt in aghaidh a chéile"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ní áirítear, sna catagóirí sin, gach uile chás a d’fhéadfadh a bheith ann san fhíorshaol, ach is catagóirí iad atá leathan go leor le gur féidir na príomhchoincheapa agus na príomhtheicnící a léiriú."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sula dtabharfaimid faoi thascanna cuardaigh casta ar nós conas do bhealach a dhéanamh chuig áit nó ficheall a imirt, tosaímis le samhail shimplithe chun gur féidir linn eolas a chur de réir a chéile ar conas fadhbanna a réiteach leis an intleacht shaorga."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"illustrations","properties":{"motive":"chicken-crossing","color":"#859fff","frombottom":"36.9%","totalheight":"38%"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Fadhb an bhréagáin: an sionnach, an chearc agus an bia cearc"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tosaímis le puzal simplí chun na coincheapa atá faoi chaibidil a léiriú. Tá róbat ann agus bád rámhaíochta faoina chúram. Tá an róbat ag iarraidh trí rud a thabhairt trasna na habhann: sionnach, cearc agus mála bia cearc. Má fhaigheann an sionnach an deis, íosfaidh sé an chearc. Má fhaigheann an chearc an deis, íosfaidh sise an bia cearc, ach b’fhearr linn nach dtarlódh ceachtar den dá rud sin. Tá an róbat in ann smacht a choinneáil ar na hainmhithe a fhad is a bhíonn sé in aice leo, ach is eisean amháin atá in ann an bád a iomramh. Anuas air sin níl slí sa bhád ach le aghaidh dhá cheann de na trí rud thuasluaite in éineacht leis an róbat. Conas is féidir leis an róbat na rudaí sin go léir a thabhairt leis go dtí an bhruach thall mar sin?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"note","properties":{"heading":"An leagan éasca de phuzal an bháid rámhaíochta","description":"Má tá cur amach agat ar an bpuzal seo cheana féin, is dócha go bhfuil a fhios agat gur féidir é a réiteach go fiú más lú an tslí atá sa bhád ná mar atá leagtha amach thuas. Sin cleachtadh a thabharfaidh do dhúshláin tar éis dúinn an leagan éasca seo a réiteach le chéile."},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Déanfaimid samhail den phuzal sa chaoi seo: is amhlaidh atá cúig rud soghluaiste sa scéal: an róbat, an bád rámhaíochta, an sionnach, an chearc, agus an bia cearc. I bprionsabal, is féidir le gach ceann den chúig rud sin a bheith ar cheachtar den dá bhruach, ach ó tharla gurb é an róbat amháin a bhfuil rámhaíocht aige, beidh an róbat agus an bád ar an mbruach céanna le chéile i gcónaí. Mar sin de, tá ceithre rud ar féidir leo a bheith i gceachtar de dhá shuíomh. Fágann sé sin go bhfuil sé toradh dhéag a d’fhéadfadh a theacht as sin. Tugaimis staideanna ar na torthaí sin:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Staideanna phuzal na cearca abhann"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"table","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"tbody","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"tr","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Staid"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An róbat"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An sionnach"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    "},{"type":"element","tagName":"th","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An chearc"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n    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I bpuzal na circe a thabhairt trasna na habhann, is éard a bhí sa staidspás deich staid cheadaithe ó AAAA go dtí TTTT (ach ní áirítear ATTT sna staideanna sin mar ní cheadmhach sin de réir rialacha an phuzail). Más é an tasc atá romhainn an bealach a dhéanamh ó áit A go háit B, is é a d’fhéadfadh a bheith sa staidspás tacar na suíomh arna sainiú lena gcomhordanáidí (x,y) agus ar féidir iad a bhaint amach ó phointe tosaigh A. De rogha air sin, d’fhéadfaimis tacar srianta suíomh a úsáid, seoltaí sráide difriúla cuir i gcás, ionas go gcoinneofaí srian ar líon na staideanna a d’fhéadfadh a bheith ann.\"},\n      {\"title\":\"Na hathruithe\",\"content\":\"Ciallaíonn sé sin na gluaiseachtaí is féidir a dhéanamh idir staid agus staid eile, ó AAAA go TATA mar shampla. Is tábhachtach a mheabhrú nach n-áirítear mar athruithe ach na hathruithe díreacha sin is féidir a dhéanamh in aon bhabhta amháin. Má bhíonn seicheamh athruithe ann, ó A go C, ó C go D agus ó D go B (an sprioc) mar shampla, is é atá ansin ná <strong>cosán</strong> seachas athrú.\"},\n      {\"title\":\"Na costais\",\"content\":\"Is é atá i gceist leis sin gur minic nach mar a chéile a bhíonn na hathruithe. Is féidir iad a bheith difriúil óna chéile ar bhealaí a fhágann gur fearr atá athruithe áirithe, nó gur lú an costas atá ag baint leo (ní gá an focal ‘costas’ a thuiscint sa chiall airgeadúil). I gcásanna eile, is mó an costas a bheadh ann. Is féidir linn an méid sin a chur in iúl trí chostas ar leith a lua le gach athrú. Más é an sprioc atá ann an t-achar iomlán a thaistealaítear a bheith chomh gairid is féidir, is é an costas nádúrtha ná an t-achar geografach ó staid go chéile. Ar an taobh eile den scéal, d’fhéadfadh sé gurbh é an sprioc a bheadh ann an t-achar ama is lú a bheith ann seachas an t-achar geografach, agus, gan amhras, is é an costas a bheadh ann sa chás sin ná an t-am féin. Más mar a chéile atá na hathruithe ar fad, is féidir linn neamhaird a thabhairt ar na costais.\"}\n  ]"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"quizid":"a7201eb9-043b-5fdb-9ea6-4eb374f5559b"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"quizid":"f55a7eea-fca3-5728-a53c-8b386c7d0f28"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]}],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"excerpt":"An cuardach ó thaobh na praiticiúlachta de: ag dul ó A go B Cuir i gcás gur i gcathair aineoil atá tú. Tá tú in áit ar leith (óstán, abair…","frontmatter":{"path":"/ga/2/1","title":"Cuardach agus réiteach fadhbanna","part":2,"type":"section","lang":"ga","section":1}}},{"node":{"htmlAst":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tuairisc ghairid ar stair na hintleachta saorga: an cuardach mar thúsphointe"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"D’fhéadfaí an intleacht shaorga a rianú siar go dtí aimsir thosaithe na ríomheolaíochta féin. I bhfad sular tháinig na ríomhairí ar an bhfód, bhí daoine ann a rinne a machnamh ar an réasúnú agus an intleacht uathoibríoch. Faoi mar a luadh cheana féin i gCaibidil 1, duine a bhí ar na hintleachtóirí ba mhó a thug aghaidh ar an gceist seo ab ea Alan Turing. Tháinig Turing ar an tuiscint seo: aon rud is féidir a ríomh is féidir é a ríomh go huathoibríoch (is é sin le rá gur féidir é a ríomh le huimhreacha nó le siombail). Tá an tuiscint sin, chomh maith leis an tástáil Turing, ar na nithe a chuir seisean le dul chun cinn na hintleachta saorga agus na ríomheolaíochta trí chéile."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"note","properties":{"heading":"An intleacht shaorga ina chuidiú chun an Dara Cogadh Domhanda a bhuachan","description":"Dhear Turing gléas an-simplí atá in ann gach atá inríofa a ríomh. Meaisín Turing a thugtar ar an ngléas sin. Cé nach bhfuil ann ach samhail theoiriciúil nach bhfuil feidhm phraiticiúil leis, chur sé ar a chumas do Turing ríomhairí in-ríomhchláraithe a cheapadh: is é sin ríomhairí is féidir a úsáid chun tascanna áirithe a chur i gcrích de réir na caoi a ndéantar iad a ríomhchlárú.\n  <br><br>\n  Mar sin de, ní gá gléas difriúil a dhéanamh de réir gach taisc faoi seach ach an t-aon ríomhaire amháin a úsáid le haghaidh go leor tascanna. Sin an bunchoincheap sa ríomhchlárú. Sa lá atá inniu ann shílfeadh duine gur rud beag é an t-aireagán sin ach níor bheag in aon chor é in aimsir Turing. Le linn an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, úsáideadh cuid de na luath-ríomhairí in-ríomhchláraithe sin chun cóid rúnda na nGearmánach a bhriseadh. Ghlac Turing féin páirt sa tionscnamh sin."},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is minic a luaitear ainm John McCarthy (1927-2011) leis an téarma Intleacht Shaorga - agus is minic freisin a thugtar athair na hintleachta saorga féin air - ach is é rud é go ndiúltaíonn seisean gurbh é féin a chum an téarma sin. Murar chum féin, is amhlaidh a glacadh an téarma mar ainm an réimse nua sin a bhí ag teacht chun cinn toisc gur ghlac McCarthy leis agus gur mhór an tionchar a bhí aige sa réimse céanna. Cuireadh bonn ceart faoin téarma in 1956 nuair a roghnaíodh é mar ábhar cainte ag seimineár samhraidh, seimineár ar a dtugtar "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"comhdháil Dartmouth"}]},{"type":"text","value":". Tharla sin i gColáiste Dartmouth in New Hampshire agus ba é McCarthy féin a d’eagraigh í. Sa mholadh a chuir McCarthy isteach agus é ag iarraidh an seimineár a eagrú, bhain sé úsáid as argóint Turing maidir leis an ríomh uathoibrithe. Tá an ráiteas tábhachtach seo a leanas sa mholadh céanna:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"note","properties":{"heading":"Príomhráiteas John McCarthy faoin intleacht shaorga","description":"“Is ar bhonn na tuairime seo a leanfar den staidéar: i gcás aon ghné den fhoghlaim nó aon ghné eile den intleacht, is féidir, i bprionsabal, cur síos chomh beacht sin a dhéanamh uirthi gur féidir le meaisín í a ionsamhlú.”"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"I bhfocail eile, is féidir aon ghné den intleacht a bhriseadh síos i gcéimeanna beaga i dtreo is go mbeidh gach céim chomh simplí agus chomh “meicniúil” sin go bhféadfar an ghné sin a scríobh amach mar ríomhchlár. Ní raibh sa ráiteas úd ach tuairimíocht, agus is tuairimíocht atá ann fós, rud a chiallaíonn nach féidir linn a chruthú go bhfuil sé fíor. Mar sin féin, is ríthábhachtach ar fad é an tuairim sin chomh fada agus a bhaineann sé leis an tuiscint atá againn ar an intleacht shaorga. Mar shampla, léiríonn sé go raibh MacCarthy ag iarraidh aon argóint den chineál a luaigh Searle in argóint an tseomra Shínigh a sheachaint, is é sin le rá: is intleacht í intleacht fiú mura bhfuil sa chóras atá á cur i bhfeidhm ach ríomhaire atá ag leanúint ríomhchláir go meicniúil."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An chúis go bhfuil an cuardach agus cluichí lárnach i dtaighde ar an intleacht shaorga"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sna 1950í, tráth a bhí ríomhairí tagtha chun cinn ionas gurbh fhéidir trialacha a dhéanamh le halgartaim phraiticiúla intleachta saorga, ba iad na rudaí ba shainiúla a thug a dúshlán don intleacht shaorga (amach ó chóid na Naitsithe a bhriseadh) ná na cluichí. Is é buntáiste na gcluichí go mbíonn fearann áisiúil srianta ag baint leo inar féidir rialacha foirmeálta a leagan amach go héasca. Ba iad na cluichí cláir a thug inspioráid don iliomad taighdeoirí riamh anall, mar atá an táiplis, an fhicheall agus go háirithe Íogó sna blianta beaga a d’imigh thart (cluiche straitéise an-chasta is ea sin ar ceapadh sa tSín 2,500 bliain ó shin ar a laghad é). Tá na cluichí sin ina n-ábhar inspioráide ag na taighdeoirí atá suas inniu freisin."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Réimse ina raibh an-dul chun cinn ag an intleacht shaorga sna 1960í ab ea teicnící cuardaigh agus pleanála, ábhar atá an-ghaolmhar leis na cluichí boird: forbraíodh algartaim ar ar tugadh ainmneacha ar nós an t-algartam Íosuas nó Gortghlanadh Alfa-Béite agus is iad is bonn leis an intleacht shaorga a imríonn cluichí fós sa lá atá inniu ann. Ní call a rá, áfach, gur moladh leaganacha níos sofaisticiúla de na halgartaim sin in imeacht na mblianta. Sa chaibidil seo, díreoimid ar chluichí agus ar dhúshláin phleanála ar leibhéal coincheapúil."}]}],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"excerpt":"Tuairisc ghairid ar stair na hintleachta saorga: an cuardach mar thúsphointe D’fhéadfaí an intleacht shaorga a rianú siar go dtí aimsir…","frontmatter":{"path":"/ga/2/2","title":"Fadhbanna a fhuascailt leis an intleacht shaorga","part":2,"type":"section","lang":"ga","section":2}}},{"node":{"htmlAst":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"lead","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sa rannán seo, déanfaimid staidéar ar fhadhb chlasaiceach IS: cluichí. Is é an cás is simplí, ar a ndíreoimid ar mhaithe le soiléireacht, ná cluichí beirte ina mbíonn faisnéis fhoirfe nó eolas iomlán ar fáil, an madra rua agus an ghé (tic-tac-toe/Xanna agus Onna) nó ficheall, cuir i gcás."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sampla: an madra rua agus an ghé a imirt"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tá Uasfhlaith agus Íosadóra an-tugtha do chluichí. Is breá leo cluichí. Go háirithe cluichí beirte ina mbíonn faisnéis fhoirfe ar fáil, an madra rua agus an ghé nó ficheall, cuir i gcás. Aon lá amháin bhí cluiche an mhadra rua agus na gé á imirt acu. Bhí Uasfhlaith, nó Uas mar a thugann a cuid cairde uirthi, ag imirt le X. Ba le hÍosadóra, nó Íos mar a chuireann a cuid cairde uirthi, na hOnna. Bhí Íos díreach i ndiaidh imirt agus is mar seo a leanas a bhí an clár:"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"illustrations","properties":{"motive":"tic-tac-toe","color":"#8A8ED8","frombottom":"0","totalheight":"58%"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Bhí Uas ag amharc ar an gclár agus ag machnamh ar a céad bhogadh eile, cion agus go mba léi an imirt, ach, ar ala na huaire sin, chuir sí a dá bhois ar a haghaidh, agus ba í pictiúr Garry Kasparov agus é ag imirt i gcoinne Deep Blue i 1997 í."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Go deimhin, bhí Íos ag dréim ar an deis chun trí O a chur ina ró ar an ró ar barr, ach nach bhféadfadh Uas stad a chur leis an bplean sin go héasca? Cén fáth go raibh Uas chomh doirbh mar sin?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Crainn cluichíochta"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Chun cluichí a réiteach trí leas a bhaint as an intleacht shaorga, tosaímis le coincheap an chrainn cluichíochta. Léirítear staideanna éagsúla an chluiche le nóid sa chrann cluichíochta, atá an-chosúil leis na fadhbanna pleanála thuas. Níl an smaoineamh ach pas beag difriúil. I gcás an chrainn cluichíochta, cóirítear na nóid i leibhéil a chomhfhreagraíonn do dheiseanna imeartha gach imreora sa chluiche ar dhóigh ina léirítear an staid tosaigh sa chluiche i nód “fréimhe” an chrainn (is ag barr na léaráide a thaispeántar seo de ghnáth). I gcás an mhadra rua agus na gé, ní bheadh ann ach greille fholamh gan aon X ná O imeartha go fóill ag an bpointe sin. Faoin bhfréamh, ar an dara leibhéal, bíonn staideanna féideartha ann a d’fhéadfadh bheith de thoradh ar bhearta an chéad imreora, is cuma X nó O a bheith i gceist. Tugaimis “mic” an nóid fréimhe ar na nóid sin."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Bheadh ag gach nód ar an dara leibhéal, mar mhacnóid, na staideanna sin atá insroichte uaidh ó bhearta an imreora fhreasúraigh. Leantar ar aghaidh leis sin, leibhéal ar leibhéal go dtí go mbaintear amach staideanna ina mbeadh an cluiche thart. I gcluiche an mhadra rua agus na gé, ciallaíonn sé sin go n-éireoidh le duine de na himreoirí líne trí ina ró a chur le chéile agus bua a bhreith, nó líonfar an bord agus críochnófar an cluiche ar comhscór."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Luach a íoslaghdú agus a uasmhéadú"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"D’fhonn a bheith in ann IS cluichíochta, a dhéanann iarracht an cluiche a bhua, a chruthú, cuirtear luach uimhriúil ar gach toradh féideartha deiridh. I gcás na suíomhanna ar an gclár ina mbíonn trí X ina ró i líne, a fhágfadh go mbeadh an bua ag Uas, cuirtear luach +1 orthu, agus ar an dóigh chéanna, i gcás na suíomhanna ina mbuafadh Íos le trí O ina ró; cuirtear luach -1 orthu. I gcás na suíomhanna ina mbíonn an clár lán gan bhua ag ceachtar den bheirt imreoirí, úsáidtear luach neodrach 0 (dáiríre, is cuma cad iad na luachanna chomh fada agus go mbíonn siad san ord sin le go ndéanfadh Uas iarracht an luach a uasmhéadú, agus go ndéanfadh Íos iarracht é a íoslaghdú)."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h3","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Crann cluichíochta samplach"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tóg, mar shampla, an crann cluichíochta a leanas nach dtosaíonn ón bhfréamh ach i lár an chluiche (bheadh an crann i bhfad rómhór le taispeáint murach sin). Tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil sé seo difriúil ón gcluiche atá taispeánta sa léaráid ag tús an rannáin seo. Chuireamar na huimhreacha 1, 2, ..., 14 ar na nóid."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tá an crann comhdhéanta as sraitheanna malartacha lena mbaineann, faoi seach, deis imeartha de chuid Íos chun O a chur nó de chuid Uas chun X a chur in aon cheann de na sliotáin fholmha ar an mbord. Taispeántar an t-imreoir ar léi an chéad deis imeartha eile ar chlé."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"illustrations","properties":{"motive":"game-tree-1"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Leanann an cluiche ar aghaidh ó staid an chláir atá á taispeáint sa nód fréimhe, ar a bhfuil an uimhir (1) ar barr, agus deis imeartha ag Íos chun O a chur in aon cheann de na trí bhoscaí fholmha. Taispeántar le nóid (2)–(4) staideanna an chláir a bhíonn ann de thoradh ar gach ceann de na trí rogha faoi seach. Sa chéad chéim eile, tá dhá rogha fhéideartha ag gach nód inar féidir le hUas X a chur, agus dá réir tá gabhal eile sa chrann."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Nuair a thosaítear amach ón suíomh tosaithe thuas, críochnaítear an cluiche i gcónaí le trí ina ró: i nód (7) agus nód (9), is í Uas, a imríonn faoi bhratach X, an buaiteoir, agus i nód (11)–(14) is í Íos, a imríonn faoi bhratach O, an buaiteoir."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tabhair faoi deara ós rud é go ndéantar deis imeartha na n-imreoirí a mhalartú, is féidir na leibhéil a lipéadú mar Íosleibhéil agus Uasleibhéil, rud a léiríonn cé léi an imirt."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Imirt go straitéiseach"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Féach nóid (5)–(10) ar an dara leibhéal ón mbun. I nód (7) agus (9), bíonn an cluiche thart, agus buann Uas le trí X ina ró. +1 atá i luach na staideanna sin. Sna nóid atá fágtha, (5), (6), (8), agus (10), tá an cluiche de chóir a bheith thart, ós rud é nach gá d’Íos ach O a chur sa haon bhosca atá fágtha chun bua a bhreith. Is é sin le rá, is eol dúinn conas mar a chríochnóidh an cluiche i gcás gach nóid ar an dara leibhéal ón mbun aníos. Is féidir linn a chinneadh dá réir sin gurb é –1 atá i luach nóid (5), (6), (8), agus (10) freisin."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"illustrations","properties":{"motive":"game-tree-2"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Seo chugainn anois an chuid is spéisiúla. Féach luachanna na nód ar aon leibhéal amháin níos airde i dtreo na fréimhe: nóid (2)–(4). Ós rud é gur thugamar faoi deara go mbeidh an bua ag Íos má leantar an dá mhacnód atá ag (2), is é sin nód (5) agus nód (6), is féidir luach -1 a chur ar nód (2) freisin. I gcás nód (3), áfach, beidh an bua ag Uas, +1, má leantar an macnód ar chlé, .i. (7), ach beidh an bua ag Íos, -1, má leantar an macnód ar dheis (8). Cad é an luach atá ar nód (3)? Déan do mhachnamh faoi sin ar feadh píosa, ag meabhrú duit cé léi an rogha ag nód (3)."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Ós rud é gur le hUas an imirt, is cinnte go roghnóidh sí an macnód ar chlé, .i. nód (7). Dá réir sin, gach uair a shroichimid staid an chláir i nód (3), bíonn deis ag Uas an bua cinnte a fháil, agus cuirtear luach +1 ar nód (3) dá réir sin."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is amhlaidh an scéal le haghaidh nód (4): arís eile, ós rud é gur féidir le hUas X a chur ina rogha d’áit, is féidir léi an bua a bhreith léi i gcónaí, agus cuirtear luach +1 ar nód (4) dá réir sin."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"illustrations","properties":{"motive":"game-tree-3"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An buaiteoir a chinneadh"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is é an ceacht is tábhachtaí sa rannán seo an cineál réasúnaíochta thuas a chur i bhfeidhm arís agus arís eile chun toradh an chluiche a chinneadh roimh ré ó aon staid ar chlár na himeartha."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Go dtí seo, tá socraithe againn gurb é –1 an luach atá ag nód (2), rud a fhágann, más mar sin atá an clár, gur féidir le hÍos an bua cinnte a fháil, agus is amhlaidh a mhalairt i gcás nód (3) agus (4): is é +1 an luach atá acu, rud a fhágann gur féidir le hUas a bheith cinnte go mbéarfaidh sí bua ach imirt go críonna nuair a thiocfaidh a sealsa."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Faoi dheoidh, is féidir linn a dhéaduchtú gur féidir le hÍos teacht ar an gconclúid chéanna, ós imreoir oilte í, agus dá réir níl ach fíor-rogha amháin aici: an O a imirt i lár an chláir."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Sa léaráid thíos, áiríodh luach gach nóid mar aon leis an mbeart imeartha optamach ag tosú ar imirt Íos sa nód fréimhe."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"illustrations","properties":{"motive":"game-tree-4-GA"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Luach an nóid fréimhe = an buaiteoir"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tugann luach an nóid fréimhe, ar ionann é agus luach an chluiche, le fios dúinn cé hí an buaiteoir (agus méid an bhua, is é sin mura bhfuil bua nó caillteanas simplí i gceist leis an toradh): Buann Uas más ionann luach an chluiche agus +1, buann Íos más ionann an luach agus –1, agus más é 0 an luach, is ionann é sin agus comhscór ar an gcluiche. I gcluichí eile, d’fhéadfaí luach eile a lua leis an luach féin (mar atá luach airgeadaíoch na gcnaipí a bhíonn os do chomhair i gcluiche pócair mar shampla)."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tá sé sin go léir bunaithe ar an toimhde go roghnódh an bheirt imreoirí a bhfuil is fearr dóibh agus go bhfuil a bhfuil is fearr do dhuine acu ar an rud is measa don duine eile (“an cluiche suime nialais” mar a thugtar air)."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"note","properties":{"heading":"Na bearta optamacha a aimsiú","description":"Agus luachanna na nód go léir sa chrann cluichíochta cinntithe, is féidir na bearta optamacha a dhéaduchtú: i gcás aon Íosnóid (imirt Íos), faightear an rogha optamach ón macnód lena mbaineann an luach íosta, agus ina mhalairt de chás, i gcás aon Uasnóid (imirt Uas), faightear an rogha optamach ón macnód lena mbaineann an luach uasta. Uaireanta bíonn go leor roghanna ann a bheadh chomh maith céanna lena chéile, rud a d’fhágfadh nach ndéanfadh sé aon difear don toradh cé acu ceann a roghnófaí."},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"An t-algartam Íosuas"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is féidir linn leas a bhaint as an gcoincheap thuas maidir le luach an chluiche chun algartam darbh ainm an t-algartam Íosuas a dhéanamh amach. Cinntítear leis sin imirt optamach, go teoiriciúil, in aon chluiche suime nialais cinnteachaíoch do bheirt lena mbaineann faisnéis fhoirfe. Ag brath ar staid an chluiche, ní dhéanann an t-algartam ach luachanna mhicnóid na staide áirithe sin a ríomh agus roghnaíonn sé an ceann lena mbaineann an t-uasluach más le huas an imirt, agus an ceann lena mbaineann an t-íosluach más le hÍos an imirt."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Is féidir an t-algartam a chur chun feidhme gan ach cúpla líne cóid a úsáid. Bímis sásta, áfach, má éiríonn linn an bunsmaoineamh a thuiscint. Más spéis leat amharc ar an algartam é féin (rabhadh: cumas ríomhchlárúcháin ag teastáil) féach ar, mar shampla, "},{"type":"element","tagName":"a","properties":{"href":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax","target":"_blank","rel":["noopener","noreferrer"]},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Wikipedia: Minimax"}]},{"type":"text","value":"."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"illustrations","properties":{"motive":"chess","color":"#e9e9ed","frombottom":"0","totalheight":"100%"},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Maith go leor, an féidir liom dul abhaile anois?"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"De réir mar atá sonraithe thuas, is féidir an t-algartam “Íosuas” a úsáid chun imirt optamach a chur chun feidhme in aon chluiche beirte suime nialais cinnteachaíoch lena mbaineann faisnéis fhoirfe. Samplaí de chluichí dá leithéid sin is ea an madra rua agus an ghé, ceithre ina ró (connect four), ficheall, Íogó (.i. Go, cluiche boird an Chianoirthir) srl. Níl carraig-páipéar-siosúr san áireamh leis an aicme seo cluichí ós rud é go mbíonn faisnéis a cheiltear ón imreoir eile mar chuid den chluiche; ní Monopoly ná táiplis mhór san áireamh ach an oiread ós rud é nach cluichí cinnteachaíocha iad. Mar sin, i dtaca leis an topaic seo, an é sin a bhfuil i gceist a chairde, an féidir linn dul abhaile anois? Bhuel, go teoiriciúil, is ea, is féidir, ach i ndáiríre, ní hea agus ní féidir."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"note","properties":{"heading":"Fadhb na gcrann cluichíochta ollmhór","description":"I mórán cluichí, bíonn an crann cluichíochta i bhfad rómhór le dul tríd go críochnúil. Mar shampla, i bhficheall ní bhíonn ach thart ar 35 san fhachtóir brainseála ar an meán, .i. meánlíon na macnód (líon na mbeart atá ar fáil) in aghaidh an nóid. Ciallaíonn sé sin go mbeadh orainn, chun taiscéaladh a dhéanamh ar na cásanna féideartha go léir suas le dhá bheart chun tosaigh, go mbeadh orainn cuairt a thabhairt ar thart ar 35 x 35 = 1,225 nód – seans nach é sin an cleachtadh peann agus pár is fearr leat mar obair bhaile. Chun réamhamharc a dhéanamh ar thrí bheart is gá cuairt a thabhairt ar 42,875 nód; 1,500,625 i gcás ceithre bheart; agus 2,758,547,353,515,625 nód (2.7 cuaidrilliún) i gcás 10 mbeart. In Íogó, meastar gurb ionann an fachtóir brainseála agus thart ar 250. Gogaille gó é Íogó ó thaobh Íosuas de."},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"h2","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tuilleadh cleas: Crainn cluichíochta ollmhóra a bhainistiú"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Tá roinnt cleas eile ag teastáil chun crainn cluichíochta ollmhóra a bhainistiú. Bhí cuid mhaith acu ina ngnéithe ríthábhachtacha i gcás ríomhaire Deep Blue de chuid IBM lena bhfuarthas an bua ar churadh fichille an domhain, Garry Kasparov, siar in 1997."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Murar féidir linn ach taiscéaladh a dhéanamh ar chuid bheag den chrann cluichíochta, ní mór dúinn bealach a aimsiú chun an t-athfhilleadh íosuas a stad sula mbaintear an nód deiridh amach, i.e. nód ina mbíonn an cluiche thart agus an buaiteoir ar eolas. Déantar é sin a bhaint amach trí "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"fheidhm mheastóireachta heorastaice"}]},{"type":"text","value":", mar a thugtar uirthi, a ghlacann mar ionchur staid cláir, an fhaisnéis lena dtugtar le fios cén t-imreoir ar léi an imirt san áireamh, agus tugtar scór ar ionann é agus meastachán ar thoradh dóchúil an chluiche má leantar ar aghaidh leis ón staid cláir áirithe sin."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"note","properties":{"heading":"Dea-heorastaic","description":"De ghnáth ríomhann dea-heorastaic le haghaidh fichille, cuir i gcás, líonmhaireacht ábhair (na bpíosaí) agus iad ualaithe de réir a gcineál: breithnítear de ghnáth go bhfuil dhá oiread luach an chaisil sa bhanríon, trí oiread luach ridire nó easpaig inti, agus naoi n-oiread luach an cheithearnaigh inti. Ní aon iontas é gur fiú an rí níos mó ná na píosaí go léir le chéile ós rud é gurb ionann é a chailliúint agus an cluiche a chailliúint. Anuas air sin, breithnítear gur buntáiste é forghabháil a dhéanamh ar shuíomhanna atá tábhachtach ó thaobh straitéise de agus sannann an heorastaic luach níos mó do shuíomhanna dá leithéid."},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"p","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"Níl ach mionathruithe ag teastáil ón algartam íosuas a cuireadh i láthair thuas chun leagan "},{"type":"element","tagName":"strong","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"teoranta ó thaobh doimhneachta de"}]},{"type":"text","value":" a chruthú ina dtugtar an heorastaic ar gach nód de réir teorainn áirithe ó thaobh doimhneachta de: is é atá i gceist leis an doimhneacht ná líon na gcéimeanna sa chrann cluichíochta a osclaítear/a fhairsingítear sula mbaintear úsáid as feidhm mheastóireachta heorastaice."}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"quiz","properties":{"quizid":"a5153857-17ce-5a2b-81ec-39af7e297617"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"note","properties":{"heading":"Teorainneacha an chuardaigh shimplí","description":"Seans go bhfuil an chuma ar an scéal go bhfuil modh socraithe againn chun aon fhadhb a réiteach trí na staideanna agus na haistrithe eatarthu a shainiú, agus bealach a aimsiú ón staid reatha chuig ár sprioc. Monuar, bíonn cúrsaí níos casta sa chás go dteastaíonn uainn IS a fheidhmiú i leith fhadhbanna an tsaoil nithiúil. Go bunúsach, tagann méadú as cuimse ar líon na staideanna i gcás ón saol nithiúil agus gan é ach measartha casta go fiú, agus ní féidir linn réiteach a aimsiú le cuardach uileghabhálach (“neart brúidiúil”) nó fiú trí úsáid a bhaint as heorastaic chliste.\n  <br><br>\n  Ina theannta sin, na haistrithe trína mbeirtear sinn ó staid amháin go dtí an chéad staid eile nuair a roghnaímid gníomh, ní aistrithe cinnteachaíocha iad. Ciallaíonn sé sin nach ndéanfaidh ár rogha an toradh a chinneadh go críochnúil i gcónaí ós rud é go mbíonn tosca áirithe ann nach bhfuil smacht againn orthu, agus is minic nach eol dúinn cad iad.\n  <br><br>\n  Is féidir na halgartaim a phléitear thuas a chur in oiriúint chun déileáil le méid áirithe randamachta, sampla is ea randamacht i roghnú cártaí ó phaca measctha nó caitheamh dísle. Ciallaíonn sé sin go mbeidh orainn coincheap na héiginnteachta agus na dóchúlachta a thabhairt isteach. Is ansin amháin is féidir linn dréim ar intleacht shaorga a úsáid sa saol nithiúil seachas í a úsáid ar phuzail shimplí agus ar chluichí simplí. Topaic Chaibidil 3 is ea é sin."},"children":[]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"},{"type":"element","tagName":"div","properties":{},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "},{"type":"element","tagName":"part-summary","properties":{"chapter":"2","heading":"Tar éis duit Caibidil 2 a chríochnú ba cheart go mbeifeá in ann:","listitems":"[\n  {\"content\":\"Fadhb ón bhfíorshaol a fhoirmliú mar fhadhb chuardaigh\"},\n  {\"content\":\"Cluiche simplí (m.sh. an madra rua agus an ghé) a fhoirmliú mar chrann cluichíochta\"},\n  {\"content\":\"An prionsabal íosuas a úsáid chun na bearta optamacha a aimsiú i gcrann cluichíochta ar mhéid teoranta\"}\n    ]"},"children":[{"type":"text","value":"\n  "}]},{"type":"text","value":"\n"}]}],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"excerpt":"Sampla: an madra rua agus an ghé a imirt Tá Uasfhlaith agus Íosadóra an-tugtha do chluichí. Is breá leo cluichí. Go háirithe cluichí beirte…","frontmatter":{"path":"/ga/2/3","title":"Cuardach agus cluichí","part":2,"type":"section","lang":"ga","section":3}}}]},"allParts":{"totalCount":6,"edges":[{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Cad í an intleacht shaorga?","path":"/ga/1","section":null,"part":1,"lang":"ga","bannerImage":{"publicURL":"/static/5cb707dcbce557b358c736c82a82b847/banner1.png"}}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Fadhbanna a fhuascailt leis an intleacht shaorga","path":"/ga/2","section":null,"part":2,"lang":"ga","bannerImage":{"publicURL":"/static/3217219fe81de9c2f030e51f04557962/banner2.png"}}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"IS sa saol nithiúil","path":"/ga/3","section":null,"part":3,"lang":"ga","bannerImage":{"publicURL":"/static/8433f94cdf930cb1172a332eda51a0ae/banner3.png"}}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"An mheaisínfhoghlaim","path":"/ga/4","section":null,"part":4,"lang":"ga","bannerImage":{"publicURL":"/static/fdc0e4c1dc187a976325542364658e54/banner4.png"}}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Líonrai néaracha","path":"/ga/5","section":null,"part":5,"lang":"ga","bannerImage":{"publicURL":"/static/8d6d86ca3c422d98b6213f5ddfbe8c07/banner5.png"}}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Impleachtaí","path":"/ga/6","section":null,"part":6,"lang":"ga","bannerImage":{"publicURL":"/static/2943d36053a6dd8bd40b3dc3832bb0f8/banner6.png"}}}}]},"currentPart":{"htmlAst":{"type":"root","children":[],"data":{"quirksMode":false}},"frontmatter":{"path":"/ga/2","title":"Fadhbanna a fhuascailt leis an intleacht shaorga","part":2,"lang":"ga","quote":"Ní gá go mbraithfí go mbeadh algartaim chuardaigh ar na modhanna IS is úrscothaí. Is féidir iad a úsáid chun tascanna a dhéanamh, áfach, a d’adhmódh an chuid is mó againn féin, go mbíonn intleacht ar nós cumas loingseoireachta nó imeartha fichille de dhíth lena n-aghaidh.","quoteAuthor":"","bannerImage":{"publicURL":"/static/3217219fe81de9c2f030e51f04557962/banner2.png"}}},"allSections":{"totalCount":18,"edges":[{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Cén dóigh ar cheart dúinn intleacht shaorga a shainmhíniú?","path":"/ga/1/1","section":1,"part":1,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Cuardach agus réiteach fadhbanna","path":"/ga/2/1","section":1,"part":2,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Corrlach agus dóchúlacht","path":"/ga/3/1","section":1,"part":3,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Na cineálacha meaisínfhoghlama","path":"/ga/4/1","section":1,"part":4,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Buneolas faoi líonraí néaracha","path":"/ga/5/1","section":1,"part":5,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Maidir le tuar na todhchaí","path":"/ga/6/1","section":1,"part":6,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Réimsí gaolmhara","path":"/ga/1/2","section":2,"part":1,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Fadhbanna a fhuascailt leis an intleacht shaorga","path":"/ga/2/2","section":2,"part":2,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Riail Bayes","path":"/ga/3/2","section":2,"part":3,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Aicmitheoir na comharsan is gaire","path":"/ga/4/2","section":2,"part":4,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"An chaoi a dtógtar líonraí néaracha","path":"/ga/5/2","section":2,"part":5,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Impleachtaí na hIntleachta Saorga ar an tSochaí","path":"/ga/6/2","section":2,"part":6,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Fealsúnacht na hintleachta saorga","path":"/ga/1/3","section":3,"part":1,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Cuardach agus cluichí","path":"/ga/2/3","section":3,"part":2,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Aicmiúchán saonta Bayes","path":"/ga/3/3","section":3,"part":3,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Cúlchéimniú","path":"/ga/4/3","section":3,"part":4,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Teicnící ardleibhéil le líonraí néaracha","path":"/ga/5/3","section":3,"part":5,"lang":"ga"}}},{"node":{"frontmatter":{"title":"Achoimre","path":"/ga/6/3","section":3,"part":6,"lang":"ga"}}}]},"site":{"siteMetadata":{"languages":{"defaultLangKey":"en","langs":["en","fi","se","de","ee","fr","it","fr-be","no","lt","lv","nl-be","mt","hr","pl","en-ie","ga","nl","sk","da","ro","sl","is","de-at","en-lu","bg","cs","pt","es","el"]}}}},"pageContext":{"part":2,"type":"section","lang":"ga"}},"staticQueryHashes":["3539470774","3539470774"]}